Book Review 08 - The Stranger by Albert Camus

Book Review 08 - The Stranger by Albert Camus

Title: The Stranger. Author: Albert Camus. Publication Details: Originally published in 1942 in French as L'Étranger. Translated into English by Stuart Gilbert in 1946. Genre: Absurdist Fiction, Existentialism. 

Introduction 

Albert Camus' The Stranger is a landmark in existentialist and absurdist literature. The novel revolves around Meursault, an emotionally indifferent man whose refusal to conform to societal norms leads to his downfall. Set in French-colonized Algeria, the book explores existential themes such as the absurdity of life, the inevitability of death, and the struggle for meaning in an indifferent universe. Camus uses this minimalist narrative to reflect his broader philosophical ideas, making The Stranger a key text in 20th-century literature. 

Summary of the Plot 

The novel begins with Meursault learning about the death of his mother. His reaction is one of detachment, showing no visible grief. After attending her funeral, he returns to his life in Algiers and begins a relationship with Marie, a former colleague. Meursault also befriends Raymond, a neighbor with questionable morals. Raymond, embroiled in a conflict with his mistress, involves Meursault in a plot of revenge. 

During a beach outing with Raymond, they encounter the mistress’s brother, an unnamed Arab man. In a heated moment under the intense sunlight, Meursault impulsively shoots the Arab, killing him. The second half of the novel centers on Meursault's trial, where his lack of emotion and nonconformity to societal expectations become more important than the crime itself. Meursault is ultimately condemned to death, not just for the murder, but for his indifference toward life. 

Analysis of Themes 

The Stranger delves deeply into existentialist and absurdist themes, the most prominent being the absurd. Camus presents a world where human beings seek meaning, but the universe offers none. Meursault’s indifference to life and death reflects this absurdity—he recognizes that life lacks inherent purpose and thus refuses to follow conventional social norms. 

Another significant theme is alienation. Meursault is alienated not only from society but from his own emotions. His disconnection from the world around him is highlighted by his inability to express grief for his mother's death, which becomes a pivotal point during his trial. 

Death and freedom are intertwined in the novel, as Meursault’s ultimate acceptance of his fate—his execution—leads to a sense of freedom. In the final moments of the novel, he comes to terms with the fact that life has no greater meaning, and this realization allows him to embrace his existence fully, without illusions. 

Style and Structure

Narrative Style 

The novel is written in the first person, allowing readers to see the world through Meursault’s eyes. His detached, almost indifferent narrative style mirrors his emotional numbness. This limited perspective highlights the novel's focus on internal experiences rather than external events, making the narrative introspective. 

Language and Tone 

Camus employs simple, direct language that mirrors Meursault’s straightforward view of the world. The tone is neutral and matter-of-fact, even in moments of emotional or moral significance, which creates a sense of detachment from the dramatic events unfolding. The minimalist language reinforces the existential theme of life's absurdity and the futility of seeking meaning in trivial details. 

Critical Evaluation 

Strengths 

One of the novel’s greatest strengths is its philosophical depth, encapsulated in a concise, accessible narrative. Camus’ exploration of the absurd and existentialism, especially through the character of Meursault, has resonated with readers worldwide. The stark simplicity of Camus' prose allows the philosophical themes to shine through, and the novel's brevity ensures a powerful, distilled narrative. 

Camus’ ability to challenge conventional morality and societal expectations is another notable strength. The Stranger forces readers to confront uncomfortable truths about human existence, individuality, and society’s arbitrary nature. 

Weaknesses 

For some readers, Meursault’s emotional detachment can be a barrier to empathy. His lack of engagement with life and his indifference to others may make it difficult for some to connect with his character on a personal level. Additionally, the novel’s portrayal of the Arab as a faceless, voiceless victim has drawn criticism from postcolonial scholars, as it reflects the broader colonial attitudes of the time, which may feel problematic to modern audiences. 

Conclusion 

The Stranger is a powerful work of absurdist fiction that explores existentialist themes through the lens of one man’s indifference to life’s conventions. Albert Camus’ novel challenges readers to question the meaning of existence, the role of society, and the inevitability of death. While the novel’s emotional coldness may distance some readers, its philosophical depth ensures its lasting impact. The Stranger remains a cornerstone of 20th-century literature and a profound commentary on the human condition. 

References 

Camus, Albert. The Stranger. Translated by Stuart Gilbert, Vintage International, 1946.

Thody, Philip. Albert Camus: A Study of His Work. Hamish Hamilton, 1957.

Aronson, Ronald. Camus and Sartre: The Story of a Friendship and the Quarrel that Ended It. University of Chicago Press, 2004. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

What is the main theme of The Stranger by Albert Camus?  

The main theme is existentialism and the absurd. The novel explores the idea that life is inherently meaningless, and it’s up to individuals to create their own purpose. The protagonist, Meursault, embodies this philosophy by showing indifference to societal norms and expectations.   

Why does Meursault kill the Arab in The Stranger?   

Meursault kills the Arab seemingly without a clear reason, in a moment triggered by the sun’s oppressive heat and glare. The murder reflects his disconnection from emotions and the absurdity of his existence.   

What role does the sun play in The Stranger?   

The sun is a recurring symbol representing the physical and emotional discomfort Meursault experiences. It contributes to his disorientation and is directly linked to his decision to kill the Arab, serving as a metaphor for the irrational forces that shape human life.  

How does The Stranger reflect existentialism?   

The Stranger reflects existentialism by presenting a protagonist who is detached from societal norms and traditional moral values. Meursault’s actions and lack of emotional response challenge ideas of meaning, purpose, and morality, aligning with existentialist ideas about the absurdity of life and the freedom to define one’s own path.  

Why is Meursault sentenced to death in The Stranger?   

Meursault is sentenced to death not solely for the murder of the Arab, but for his emotional indifference, particularly his lack of remorse and his failure to conform to societal expectations, such as showing grief over his mother’s death. His trial focuses more on his character and his rejection of social norms than the actual crime itself.